Trailblazing with Earth & Environmental Science

Trailblazing with Earth & Environmental Science


June 4, 2025
Above: Ryker Ray (left) and Hunter Hastings

One of the newest majors available for undergraduate students at the University of Utah is Earth & Environmental Science (EES).

The program fuses principles from atmospheric science, geology, and ecology to address key questions about the environment — including freshwater availability, the effects of extreme weather, and ecosystem resilience, among other topics. Students in the program join a faculty research stream — studying in a campus lab or out in the field — to acquire valuable experience.

Utah is known worldwide for its geological attributes and abundance of outdoor recreational opportunities. From the Wasatch Mountains to Zion National Park, the state serves as a natural classroom for EES students to study a variety of research topics, including snowfall dynamics, watershed health, aerosol chemistry and much more.

EES students study together in small cohorts, supported by faculty mentors, to develop practical skills for fruitful careers like environmental consulting, resource management, policy, among others. Students can also supplement their studies with a Sustainability Certificate. 

Among the first graduating EES students are Ryker Ray and Tucker Hastings.

Ryker Ray

Ryker Ray

"I have thoroughly enjoyed my experience these past two years in the EES major,” says Ray, reflecting on his experience. “A brand-new major can be a little rough around the edges at times, but overall my classes were interesting and challenging." 

One of the biggest draws for Ray to study EES was its interdisciplinary focus, reflected in the variety of his research work in the Science Research Initiative. He initially investigated the links between air quality and wildfires in atmospheric scientist Gannet Hallar’s Aerosol Research Lab. Later, he transitioned to biologist Austin Green’s Wildlife-Human Interaction Lab to engage in fieldwork and ecological data analysis. It was there that Ray developed a particular interest in studying carnivores.

"I am evaluating how certain extreme climate variables, which mirror future climate change conditions, are affecting the spatial and temporal behavior of small to large carnivores," says Ray. He focused on developing a framework for wildlife and land management, with the hope of influencing policy.

"We still lack an understanding of the degree to which our urban development affects the behaviors and populations of carnivores across the world," he adds.

Through his research, Ray benefited from a strong mentorship bond with Green. "I have never had such a compassionate and helpful mentor. Austin has always made time for me and the other students in the lab, even when working across two different organizations and caring for a new baby," says Ray.

Beyond the classroom, Ray, who hails from Park City, Utah, co-founded and served as Vice President of the Utah Students for Conservation Club, inspired by his studies and a reforestation internship in Costa Rica. Additionally, he contributed writing and photography to the environment-focused Wasatch Magazine.

Looking ahead, Ray hopes to work in fire ecology. "I want to begin repairing and building a bridge to work with the many Native American tribes and nations who have been using fire to maintain the health of the Western U.S." He hopes to pursue this ambition by founding his own company dedicated to public education and environmental awareness on the issue.

Tucker Hastings

Tucker Hastings

Originally from Santa Fe, New Mexico, William "Tucker" Hastings graduated with a double major in EES and Spanish, along with a minor in atmospheric sciences. As a member of the inaugural EES cohort, he valued the program’s interdisciplinary collaboration. "I enjoyed being able to connect with professors and students in the three different disciplines,” says Hastings. “The major’s emphasis on holistic perspectives and practical experience were also highlights." His EES studies were a particular highlight of his undergraduate career, and he eagerly engaged in research, labs and cross-disciplinary connections.

Hastings’ research focused on Utah's landscapes, stemming from his childhood adventures exploring the state’s wild places. His interest was sparked by a pivotal Science Research Initiative field trip to Costa Rica, where he met with biologists and conservationists. This led to his work in the Şekercioğlu Lab, assisting with trail camera image identification and conducting biodiversity surveys in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.

For this project, he collaborated with the Aparecido Lab in the School of Biological Sciences to study the impact of invasive species. He compared areas invaded by Russian olive trees to non-invaded sites to build a model of biogeographic trends. Hastings highlighted a significant knowledge gap: "Despite its long history in Utah, Russian olive has gone largely unstudied in the United States. The work of my lab [was] some of the first to investigate its impacts."

Following graduation, Hastings plans to continue his studies in ecology by pursuing a Ph.D., ideally in desert ecology. His core aspiration is "to use science to promote conservation, as well as community engagement in science and ecology."


by Ethan Hood

Students interested in the Earth & Environmental Science major at the University of Utah can learn more here.

 

 

New data suggest need for revision of earthquake hazard models

earthquake hazard models


June 4, 2025
Above: The 1896 Sears mansion in Salt Lake City’s Liberty Wells neighborhood sustained major damage in the Magna Earthquake and was later demolished. Photo credit: Brian Maffly.

 

The sediments underlying the Salt Lake Valley are thicker in places than previously thought, indicating that current seismic hazard models likely underestimate the amount of shaking Utah’s population center could experience in future earthquakes, according to new research led by University of Utah seismologists.

Fan-Chi Lin

Five years ago, the valley trembled during the magnitude 5.7 Magna Earthquake, causing millions in damage to dozens of masonry structures in Salt Lake City and the town of Magna, a few miles to the west. Utah’s urban centers, such as Ogden, Salt Lake City and Provo, lying along the Wasatch Front, remain at risk of future seismic events. The last major earthquake exceeding magnitude 7 to hit the Wasatch Front occurred between 1,200 and 1,300 years ago. With an average recurrence interval of 900 to 1,300 years, Salt Lake City’s geologic clock could be close to striking midnight once again.

In the new study, U researchers utilized seismic data to present a refined three-dimensional seismic velocity model—an essential tool for mapping the geologic structure of the Wasatch Front and identifying seismic hazard sites.

“For this particular study, we are trying to understand the sedimentary structure within the Salt Lake area and how that might differ from previous results,” said study leader Fan-Chi Lin, an associate professor of geology and geophysics. “One of the biggest questions we had was why our observations didn’t agree with previous studies.”

The Wasatch Front community velocity model is currently the leading reference for assessing future seismic activity. However, it has been largely informed by borehole drilling and gravity data—useful indicators, but ones that come with limitations such as private land restrictions, inconsistent documentation and limited sampling scope.

To overcome these constraints, an extensive network of seismic data probes and geophone arrays was deployed across the Salt Lake Valley—even in the backyards of private residences. Many were deployed in the month following the Magna quake in the spring of 2020 to take advantage of a steady parade of aftershocks.

“This community is incredibly supportive and happy to help. I want to emphasize that none of this would have been possible without community support, the Utah Geological Survey and the many students in our department who helped deploy hundreds of stations,” Lin said.

For this study, the research team analyzed seismic waves from only distant earthquakes, using interferometry analysis—comparing measurements of the same signal from two different stations—and conversion phase analysis—comparing the incident P-wave and the S-wave converted at the base of the sediment. This analysis gleaned insights into the subsurface structure of the Salt Lake Valley, which was once the bed of ancient Lake Bonneville that covered northern Utah as recently as 14,000 years ago.

The goal wasn’t to predict strong earthquakes but to predict the severity of ground motion they could produce. The team was also pursuing academic questions.

“We are interested to understand how the tectonic forces or tectonic movements form the basin itself,” Lin said. “Why there’s a basin here? What controls the depth of the basin?”

by Ethan Hood
Read the entire article on @ The U.

Urgency and hope at 2025 Wilkes Climate Summit

Urgency and hope at 2025 Wilkes Climate Summit


May 22, 2025
Above: Wilkes Scholar and Geology & Geophysics undergraduate Autumn Hartley presents research at the Wilkes Climate Summit. Credit: Todd Anderson

“Let’s start with the three pillars of urgency. Climate change—it’s here, it’s us, and it’s damaging,” said William Anderegg, director of the Wilkes Center for Climate Science & Policy at the University of Utah. “There are also three companion pillars of hope—it’s solvable, we’re making progress, and the benefits of solving it are enormous.”

Conor Walsh, assistant professor at the Columbia Business School, delivering his keynote address.

Anderegg’s message resonated with his audience of scientists, policymakers, business leaders and others gathered at the third annual Wilkes Climate Summit, hosted by the Wilkes Center on May 15 at the Cleone Peterson Eccles Alumni House on the U’s campus.

This year’s theme—innovation, science and solutions—was manifest in the day’s keynote addresses, panel breakout sessions, and presentations from the seven finalists vying for the $250K Wilkes Climate Launch Prize.

“When [the Wilkes Center] was set up a number of years ago, the dream was to bring immediate innovation to the problem of climate,” said U President Taylor Randall, speaking of Clay and Marie Wilkes whose $20 million donation launched the Wilkes Center in 2022. “[They] fundamentally believed in science and science’s ability to create scalable change and create scalable solutions…When I see individuals [here] dealing with this problem, I leave with nothing but hope and optimism.”

The Wilkes Center’s mission is to accelerate climate solutions through research, education and innovation, goals especially important during these tumultuous times.

“Many of the cuts to science and research that those of us around the country are worried about will hinder America’s prosperity, economic growth, competitiveness and global leadership,” Anderegg said in his opening remarks. “We need science and innovation more than ever.”

Anderegg outlined the four core questions guiding everything the center does, which capture the spirit of discussions happening throughout the summit:

  • How can we accelerate solutions to yield a global, downward trend in greenhouse gas emissions?
  • How can we get the best science into the hands of decision- and policymakers?
  • How can we train the next generation of leaders?
  • How can we foster innovation to develop, deploy and scale these climate solutions?

“The scientific understanding is really crystal clear; the 2020s are a pivotal decade for climate action,” Anderegg said. “We have a rapidly closing window to avoid the impacts of dangerous climate change and chart a sustainable and prosperous future for everyone here in Utah, around the U.S. and around the world.”

Clean energy transition and the global rise of solar power

The summit kicked off with a morning keynote by Conor Walsh, assistant professor at the Columbia Business School studying the economics of the energy transition. You can read the four highlights from his talks, reports on the seven Wilkes Prize finalist presentations as well as other expansive coverage in the remainder of this article by Lisa Potter in @ The U.

The power of curiosity and collaboration

The power of curiosity and collaboration


May 20, 2025
Above: Thure Cerling

Whether it’s roadkill livestock or his own beard hairs, Thure Cerling’s keen eye for objects to analyze has led to scientific discoveries, both unexpected and groundbreaking.

Over the course of an academic career spanning five decades, the University of Utah geoscientist has developed numerous forensic tools, such as isotope analysis, for understanding geological processes that affected the course of life on Earth, according to presentations given Saturday at a symposium to reflect on the contributions of Cerling, who is retiring this year.

His discoveries have reconstructed the diets of ancient animals, characterized the ecology of early human sites in East Africa, pinpointed when floods incised Grand Canyon, identified a global transition in vegetation types 3 to 10 million years ago, and even helped law enforcement crack cold cases and solve wildlife crimes. He is perhaps best known for exploiting the relative abundance of certain elemental isotopes as a way to date objects or determine where a person or animal lived or what they ate, earning him the moniker The IsoPope.

Cerling “is a profoundly curious and interested individual. He seeks out and he finds systems that are interesting around him and he finds interesting questions and finds ways to bring these fundamentals into new areas,” said symposium moderator Gabe Bowen, a U geology professor and former student of Cerling’s. “He’s not afraid to go out and sample things and just get materials and might not know exactly what they’re going to be good for right at that time, but Thure’s a collector and this pays off.”

The event was held at the Utah Museum on Natural History, where dozens of scientists from around the country gathered to celebrate Cerling’s contributions to science and  his impact on them personally.

Read the full story by Brian Maffly in @TheU

>> HOME <<


Spring runoff is older than you think

Spring RUnoff is Older than You think


May 12, 2025
Above: Head of Utah’s Little Cottonwood Canyon in spring. Credit: Brian Maffly

Research by U hydrologists finds water flowing out of Western ranges is, on average, more than 5 years old, demonstrating that runoff has a prolonged underground journey.

 

Growing communities and extensive agriculture throughout the Western United States rely on meltwater that spills out of snow-capped mountains every spring. The models for predicting the amount of this streamflow available each year have long assumed that a small fraction of snowmelt each year enters shallow soil, with the remainder rapidly exiting in rivers and creeks.

New research from University of Utah hydrologists, however, suggests that streamflow generation is much more complicated. Most spring runoff heading to reservoirs is actually several years old, indicating that most mountain snowfall has a years-long invisible journey as groundwater before it leaves the mountains.

The findings also indicate there is an order of magnitude more water stored underground than most Western water managers account for, said research leader Paul Brooks, a professor of geology and geophysics.

“On average, it takes over five years for a snowflake that falls in the mountains to exit as streamflow,” Brooks said. “Most of our models, whether for predicting streamflow or predicting how much water trees will have in dry years, are based on the idea that there’s very little water stored in the mountains. Now we know that that’s not the case. Most of the water goes into the ground and it sits there for somewhere between three and 15 years before it’s either used by plants or it goes into the streams.”

The team collected runoff samples at 42 sites and used tritium isotope analysis to determine the age of the water, that is how much time elapsed since it fell from the sky as snow.

Published this week in the journal Nature Communications Earth & Environment, the findings were co-authored by U geology professors Sara Warix and Kip Solomon in collaboration with research scientists around the West.

Read the full story by Brian Maffly in @TheU

>> HOME <<


Fredrick Manthi Elected to National Academy of Sciences

FREDRICK MANTHI ELECTED TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES


May 7, 2025
Above: Fredrick Manthi in the field in the Turkana Basin, northern Kenya

 

Fredrick Manthi

University of Utah adjunct professor Fredrick Kyalo Manthi has been elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Manthi, who serves in the Department of Geology & Geophysics and as Director of Antiquities, Sites and Monuments at the National Museums of Kenya, was formally inducted during a ceremony at NAS headquarters in Washington, D.C. on April 25. His election recognizes his significant contributions to the fields of vertebrate paleontology and human evolution research.

The National Academy of Sciences recognizes scientists who have made outstanding and ongoing contributions to original research. As one of science's most prestigious distinctions, NAS membership represents an exceptional achievement in the scientific community. Current NAS membership totals approximately 2,700 members and over 500 international members, of which approximately 200 have received Nobel prizes. Manthi is the 16th faculty member from the College of Science to be elected to the NAS. He is also the only African scientist elected for 2024 and just the second Kenyan ever to receive this recognition.

"Fredrick Manthi's election to the National Academy of Sciences is incredibly well-deserved and represents decades of meticulous field research and scientific dedication," said Thure Cerling, Distinguished Professor of Geology & Geophysics and Biological Sciences at the University of Utah and fellow NAS member. "His pioneering work has advanced our understanding of early human evolution, and his connection to Utah has enriched our research community immensely."

With a research career spanning nearly four decades, Manthi has established himself as a leading expert in East African paleontology. Since joining the National Museums of Kenya in 1986, he has conducted extensive fieldwork throughout the Lake Turkana Basin and other fossil sites across Kenya. Since 2003, Manthi directed numerous excavations at Plio-Pleistocene sites including Kanapoi, Lomekwi, Nariokotome, and several others in northern Kenya, collectively yielding over 12,000 fossil specimens, including rare hominid remains. His research on fossil and modern micro-vertebrate bone assemblages has provided valuable evidence for early hominin paleoecology. Manthi has also facilitated research opportunities for emerging Kenyan scientists and developed scientific infrastructure and training programs focused on the collections at the National Museums of Kenya, which serve as crucial resources for understanding human evolution.

“This recognition highlights the importance of international scientific collaboration, and I plan to use my NAS membership to strengthen research partnerships with the University of Utah and the National Museums of Kenya,” says Manthi. “To the young Africans and those from other parts of the world, I want to tell you that you can achieve high levels of success in your career paths through focus, resilience and hard work.”

The College of Science celebrates this prestigious recognition of one of its faculty members. "Fredrick Manthi's groundbreaking research in paleontology and his commitment to nurturing the next generation of scientists are exemplary," said Interim Dean Pearl Sandick. "His election to the National Academy of Sciences is a tremendous honor, reflecting the extraordinary quality and global impact of his research."

 

by Bianca Lyon

Jay Quade, Distinguished Alumnus

Jay Quade, Distinguished Alumnus


May 6, 2025
Above: From left: Cari Johnson, Marjorie Chan, Thure Cerling, Jay Quade, Barba (Quade's wife), Kip Solomon, Peter Lippert

 

The Department of Geology and Geophysics is thrilled to present Jay Quade, Ph.D. '90, with the 2025 Distinguished Alumni award.

Jay Quade

One of the outstanding field geologists of the modern day, Jay Quade has provided great insight into the geochemistry of the near-surface (surficial) environment. His Ph.D. work set the stage to document isotope diffusion as the determining factor in soil carbonate profiles. He followed this with work in the Siwaliks of Pakistan and showed that major ecosystem changes, including the expansion of C4 grasslands, are recorded in soils through both d13C and d18O isotopic analysis.

In his distinguished faculty career at the University of Arizona beginning in 1992, he continued to pursue isotope change along the length of the Himalaya. This is the best documented ecological change showing the transition from the mid-Miocene "C3-World" to the Plio-Pleistocene "C4-World."

Quade has made many contributions since then in many aspects of surficial geochemistry, but a few highlights  include the following:

— Strontium isotopes to study calcrete formation and documenting movement of goods by early American cultures in the USA

— Studying packrat middens as long-term climate records

— The Quaternary history in the Yucca Mountain region for implications for nuclear waste disposal

— Demonstrating how earthquakes can influence surface weathering of boulders in desert regions (a very fun read)

— Clumped isotope applications in soils and paleosols

— Conventional and clumped isotopes in paleoaltimetry studies (pioneering work with Carmie Garzione)

Widely Recognized

A celebrated geoscience polymath, Quade has been widely recognized in the sector. He is the recipient of the 2018 Arthur L. Day Medalist from the Geological Society of America in 2018 recognizing “outstanding distinction in the application of physics and chemistry to the solution of geologic problems," and a fellow of the Geological Society of America, the American Geophysical Union, the Geochemical Society and the National Academy of Sciences. He has had visiting faculty positions at Hebrew University and the University of Tokyo.

Scopus, the multidisciplinary abstract and citation database produced by Elsevier lists Quade’s 220 publications with nearly 22,000 citations, and an "h-index’" of 78. His contribution to science extends far beyond these metrics with the creativity and care he demonstrates and instills in colleagues and mentees every day.

Through all this work, Quade has been engaged in multiple collaborations, showing enormous generosity of his time and sharing his experience and field sites.

The 2025 Distinguished Alumni Award was presented to Jay Quade by the Department of Geology & Geophysics March 6 by a committee that included Marjorie Chan, professor emerita; Pete Lippert, associate professor; Thure Cerling, distinguished professor; Cari Johnson, professor; Kip Solomon, distinguished professor and interim department chair; Ashley Herman, program manager. 

This story originally appeared on the website of the University of Utah's Department of Geology & Geophysics

2025 Convocation Student Speaker: Marcus Tanner

2025 Convocation Student SPeaker: Marcus Tanner


May 2, 2025

Above: Marcus Tanner at Convocation. All photos by Todd Anderson.

On May 1, Marcus Tanner, an undergraduate in Physics & Astronomy and Geology & Geophysics, spoke at the College of Science's 2025 convocation ceremony staged at the Huntsman Center. His complete remarks are below.


Friends, classmates, scientists, biologists, congratulations on blazing your trail through your undergraduate degrees! No matter how long it took you to get here or what path you took, this is the culmination of all your hard work … but this is not the end of your education, or at least I hope it isn’t, and I don’t mean whatever post-graduate programs you might be attending after we toss our caps. I hope you continue to learn and challenge yourselves long into the future.

I have been a part of many communities on campus during my five-year stay: the physics department, the geology department, the Science Ambassador team, countless teaching and mentoring roles, and I learned something new from each one of them.

Physics taught me that challenging myself is often worth the effort. Geoscience taught me to look at things from new perspectives. Being an Ambassador taught me that science is a team effort, and that not knowing things is more than okay, it’s a part of the job. Being a Teaching Assistant and Learning Assistant has taught me humility (and a lot of physics), because I was once in my students’ shoes seeking help for what now seemed so simple.

But one thing I learned from all of them is that change is an important part of life; I’ve seen friendships wax and wane, I’ve watched fledgling scientists grow into their own and spread their wings towards brighter skies, I’ve seen the world change and shift in ways I would have never dreamed of.

Looking back, I’ve seen that the thing that ties all of this together is the ebb and flow of overwhelming force and renewed strength. A gas cloud must collapse before it shines as a star. A rock must melt before it recrystallizes into something stronger. A mentor must make mistakes and live their life to have advice for people on a similar path. It’s rather parsimonious then, that people too must falter before they can rise higher, and often with support from others to give them some lift.

As we start our new journeys, I hope we can not only learn to grow and shine, but also be willing to take a chance to falter and ask for guidance. We can learn to be proud to admit when we don’t know something. As we do, we can shine when we are strong and borrow some fuel when we are weak. We can wander and wonder, burn and yearn, feel and heal; above all, we can keep learning.

After all, everything ends at some point. There’s no reason to stop changing before we run out of fuel. Our current degree programs may be over, but we can keep being students until we become part of geologic time ourselves.

Thank you.


Marcus Tanner, BS'25 with double degrees in Physics & Astronomy and Geology & Geophysics, is from Draper, Utah.
You can read more about him in his Humans of the U story here

>> HOME <<


Distinguished Professor Kip Solomon

Kip Solomon, Distinguished Professor


May 5, 2025
Above: Kip Solomon in his lab.

D. Kip Solomon has been elevated to the status of Distinguished Professor of Geology & Geophysics.

The rank of Distinguished Professor is reserved for selected individuals whose achievements exemplify the highest goals of scholarship as demonstrated by recognition accorded to them from peers with national and international stature, and whose record includes evidence of a high dedication to teaching as demonstrated by recognition accorded to them by students and/or colleagues.

Solomon holds the Frank Brown Presidential Chair in the Department of Geology & Geophysics, where he is currently interim department chair.

Solomon has a Ph.D. in Earth Sciences from the University of Waterloo and BS and MS degrees from the U’s Department of Geology and Geophysics. He joined the department as faculty in 1993 and served as chair from 2009-2013.

His research includes the use of environmental tracers to evaluate groundwater flow and solute transport processes in local-to regional-scale aquifers.  He constructed and operates one of only a few labs in the world that measures noble gases in groundwater. His research results have been documented in more than 120 journal articles, book chapters and technical reports.

“The College of Science congratulates Kip Solomon on this well-deserved recognition," said Pearl Sandick, interim dean of the College of Science. "As a hydrogeologist, Solomon has developed the use of dissolved gases to evaluate groundwater travel times, location and rates of recharge, and the sustainability of groundwater resources — findings that enhance our efforts to improve water management in the American West. His teaching over the years as well as his service to the department as a former chair and now interim chair epitomize his dedication to the field and the university.”

Solomon was awarded the O.E Meinzer Annual Award by the Geological Society of America in September when a profile of his life's work was featured. You can read that profile here.

For a while, crocodile

For a while, crocodile


April 17, 2024
Above:  Some 215 million years ago in what is now northwestern Argentina, the terrestrial crocodylomorph Hemiprotosuchus leali prepares to devour the early mammal relative Chaliminia musteloides. Credit: Jorge Gonzalez

The ancestors of today’s crocodylians survived two mass extinction events. A new study uncovered a secret to their longevity, which could help conservationists better protect our planet’s most vulnerable species.

Keegan Melstrom, assistant professor, University of Central Oklahoma with three crocodylomorphs. Photo credit: University of Central Oklahoma

Most people think of crocodylians as living fossils— stubbornly unchanged, prehistoric relics that have ruled the world’s swampiest corners for millions of years. But their evolutionary history tells a different story, according to new research led by the University of Central Oklahoma (UCO) and the University of Utah.

Crocodylians are surviving members of a 230-million-year lineage called crocodylomorphs, a group that includes living crocodylians (i.e. crocodiles, alligators and gharials) and their many extinct relatives. Crocodylian ancestors persisted through two mass extinction events, a feat requiring evolutionary agility to adapt to a rapidly changed world. The study’s authors discovered that one secret to crocodylian longevity is their remarkably flexible lifestyles, both in what they eat and the habitat in which they get it.

“Lots of groups closely related to crocodylians were more diverse, more abundant, and exhibited different ecologies, yet they all disappeared except these few generalist crocodylians alive today,” said Keegan Melstrom, lead author and assistant professor at UCO, who began the research as a doctoral student at the U. “Extinction and survivorship are two sides of the same coin. Through all mass extinctions, some groups manage to persist and diversify. What can we learn by studying the deeper evolutionary patterns imparted by these events?”

Earth has experienced five mass extinctions in its history. Experts argue that we’re living through a sixth, driven by habitat destruction, invasive species and changing climates. Identifying traits that boost survivorship during planetary upheaval may help scientists and conservationists better protect vulnerable species today.

Historically, the field has regarded mammals as the poster children for understanding mass extinction survival, lauding their generalist diet and ability to thrive in different ecological niches. Despite their resilience, research has largely ignored the crocodylomorph clade. The paper, published on April 16 in the journal Palaeontology, is the first to reconstruct the dietary ecology of crocodylomorphs to identify characteristics that helped some groups persist and thrive through two mass extinctions—the end-Triassic, about 201.4 million years ago (Ma), and the end-Cretaceous, about 66 Ma.

There’s a danger of trying to draw conclusions from millions of years ago and directly apply it to conservation. We have to be cautious,” said co-author Randy Irmis, curator of paleontology at the Natural History Museum of Utah and professor in the U’s Department of Geology & Geophysics. “If people study mammals and reptiles and find the same patterns with respect to extinction survival, then we might predict that species with a generalist diet may do better. That information helps us make predictions, but it’s unlikely we’ll ever be able to pick out which individual species will survive.”

A hidden past of alternative lifestyles

Randy Irmis faces off with a fossil Borealosuchus skull from the Natural History Museum of Utah’s collections. This crocodylian lived approximately 48 million years ago in the American West. Photo credit: Jack Rodgers/NHMU

Living crocodylians are famous for being semi-aquatic generalists that thrive in environments like lakes, rivers or marshes, waiting to ambush unsuspecting prey. Picky eaters, they are not. Young ones will snack on anything from tadpoles, insects or crustaceans before graduating to bigger fare, such as fish, baby deer, or even fellow crocs. Yet the uniform lifestyle of today’s crocodylians masks a massive diversity of dietary ecologies in which past crocodylomorphs thrived.

During the Late Triassic Period (237–201.4 Ma) Pseudosuchia, a broader evolutionary group that includes early crocodylomorphs and many other extinct lineages, ruled the land. The earliest crocodylomorphs were small-to-medium-sized creatures that were rare in their ecosystems, and were carnivores that mostly ate small animals. In contrast, other pseudosuchian groups dominated on land, occupied a wide range of ecological roles and exhibited a dizzying diversity of body shapes and sizes.

Despite their dominance, once the end-Triassic extinction hit, no non-crocodylomorph pseudosuchians survived. Whereas hyper-carnivore crocodylomorphs appeared to also die off, the terrestrial generalists made it through. The authors hypothesize that this ability to eat almost anything allowed them to survive, while so many other groups went extinct.

 

Read the full story by Lisa Potter in @The U.